by Paul Gil
Updated March 07, 2018
Bitcoin – the initial virtual banking currency of the
internet – has existed for several years now and many people have questions
about them. Where do they come from? Are they legal? Where can you get them?
Why did they split into Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash? Here are the basics you need
to know.
Cryptocurrency Defined
Cryptocurrencies are just lines of computer code that hold
monetary value. Those lines of code are created by electricity and
high-performance computers. Cryptocurrency is also known as digital currency.
Either way, it is a form of digital public money that is created by painstaking
mathematical computations and policed by millions of computer users called
'miners'. Physically, there is nothing to hold although you can exchange crypto
for cash.
'Crypto' comes from the word cryptography, the security
process used to protect transactions that send the lines of code out for purchases.
Cryptography also controls the creation of new 'coins', the term used to
describe specific amounts of code. There are literally hundreds of coins now;
only a handful have the potential to become a viable investment.
Governments have no control over the creation of
cryptocurrencies, which is what initially made them so popular. Most
cryptocurrencies begin with a market cap in mind, which means that their
production will decrease over time thus, ideally, making any particular coin
more valuable in the future.
What Are Bitcoins?
Bitcoin was the first cryptocoin currency ever invented. No
one knows exactly who created it – cryptocurrencies are designed for maximum
anonymity – but bitcoins first appeared in 2009 from a developer supposedly
named Satoshi Nakamoto. He has since disappeared and left behind a Bitcoin
fortune.
Because Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to exist, all
digital currencies created since then are called Altcoins, or alternative
coins. Litecoin, Peercoin, Feathercoin, Ethereum and hundreds of other coins
are all Altcoins because they are not Bitcoin.
One of the advantages of Bitcoin is that it can be stored
offline on a person's local hardware. That process is called cold storage and
it protects the currency from being taken by others. When the currency is
stored on the internet somewhere (hot storage), there is high risk of it being
stolen.
On the flip side, if a person loses access to the hardware
that contains the bitcoins, the currency is simply gone forever. It's estimated
that as much as $30 billion in bitcoins have been lost or misplaced by miners
and investors. Nonetheless, Bitcoins remain incredibly popular as the most
famous cryptocurrency over time.
Why Bitcoins Are So Controversial
Various reasons have converged to make Bitcoin currency a
real media sensation.
From 2011-2013, criminal traders made bitcoins famous by
buying them in batches of millions of dollars so they could move money outside
of the eyes of law enforcement. Subsequently, the value of bitcoins
skyrocketed.
Scams, too, are very real in the cryptocurrency world. Naive
and savvy investors alike can lose hundreds or thousands of dollars to scams.
Ultimately, though, bitcoins and altcoins are highly
controversial because they take the power of making money away from central
federal banks, and give it to the general public. Bitcoin accounts cannot be
frozen or examined by tax men, and middleman banks are completely unnecessary
for bitcoins to move. Law enforcement and bankers see bitcoins as 'gold nuggets
in the wild, wild west', beyond the control of traditional police and financial
institutions.
How Bitcoins Work
Bitcoins are completely virtual coins designed to be
'self-contained' for their value, with no need for banks to move and store the
money. Once you own bitcoins, they behave like physical gold coins: they
possess value and trade just as if they were nuggets of gold in your pocket.
You can use your bitcoins to purchase goods and services online, or you can
tuck them away and hope that their value increases over the years.
Bitcoins are traded from one personal 'wallet' to another. A
wallet is a small personal database that you store on your computer drive (i.e
cold storage), on your smartphone, on your tablet, or somewhere in the cloud
(hot storage).
For all intents, bitcoins are forgery-resistant. It is so
computationally-intensive to create a bitcoin, it isn't financially worth it
for counterfeiters to manipulate the system.
Bitcoin Values and Regulations
A single bitcoin varies in value daily; you can check places
like Coindesk to see today's value. There are more than two billion dollars
worth of bitcoins in existence. Bitcoins will stop being created when the total
number reaches 21 billion coins, which will be sometime around the year 2040.
As of 2017, more than half of those bitcoins had been created.
Bitcoin currency is completely unregulated and completely
decentralized. There is no national bank or national mint, and there is no
depositor insurance coverage. The currency itself is self-contained and
un-collateraled, meaning that there is no precious metal behind the bitcoins;
the value of each bitcoin resides within each bitcoin itself.
Bitcoins are stewarded by 'miners', the massive network of
people who contribute their personal computers to the Bitcoin network. Miners
act as a swarm of ledger keepers and auditors for Bitcoin transactions. Miners
are paid for their accounting work by earning new bitcoins for each week they
contribute to the network.
How Bitcoins Are Tracked
A Bitcoin holds a very simple data ledger file called a blockchain.
Each blockchain is unique to each individual user and his/her personal bitcoin
wallet.
All bitcoin transactions are logged and made available in a
public ledger, helping ensure their authenticity and preventing fraud. This
process helps to prevent transactions from being duplicated and people from
copying bitcoins.
Note: While every Bitcoin records the digital address of
every wallet it touches, the bitcoin system does NOT record the names of the
individuals who own wallets. In practical terms, this means that every bitcoin
transaction is digitally confirmed but is completely anonymous at the same
time.
So, although people cannot easily see your personal
identity, they can see the history of your bitcoin wallet. This is a good
thing, as a public history adds transparency and security, helps deter people
from using bitcoins for dubious or illegal purposes.
Banking or Other Fees to Use Bitcoins
There are very small fees to use bitcoins. However, there
are no ongoing banking fees with bitcoin and other cryptocurrency because there
are no banks involved. Instead, you will pay small fees to three groups of
bitcoin services: the servers (nodes) who support the network of miners, the
online exchanges that convert your bitcoins into dollars, and the mining pools
you join.
The owners of some server nodes will charge one-time
transaction fees of a few cents every time you send money across their nodes, and
online exchanges will similarly charge when you cash your bitcoins in for
dollars or euros. Additionally, most mining pools will either charge a small
one percent support fee or ask for a small donation from the people who join
their pools.
In the end, while there are nominal costs to use Bitcoin,
the transaction fees and mining pool donations are much cheaper than
conventional banking or wire transfer fees.
Bitcoin Production Facts
Bitcoins can be 'minted' by anyone in the general public who
has a strong computer. Bitcoins are made through a very interesting
self-limiting system called cryptocurrency mining and the people who mine these
coins are called miners. It is self-limiting because only 21 million total
bitcoins will ever be allowed to exist, with approximately 11 million of those
Bitcoins already mined and in current circulation.
Bitcoin mining involves commanding your home computer to
work around the clock to solve 'proof-of-work' problems
(computationally-intensive math problems). Each bitcoin math problem has a set
of possible 64-digit solutions. Your desktop computer, if it works nonstop,
might be able to solve one bitcoin problem in two to three days, likely
longer.
For a single personal computer mining bitcoins, you may earn
perhaps 50 cents to 75 cents USD per day, minus your electricity costs.
For a very large-scale miner who runs 36 powerful computers
simultaneously, that person can earn up to $500 USD per day, after costs.
Indeed, if you are a small-scale miner with a single consumer-grade
computer, you will likely spend more in electricity that you will earn mining
bitcoins. Bitcoin mining is only really profitable if you run multiple
computers, and join a group of miners to combine your hardware power. This very prohibitive hardware requirement is
one of the biggest security measures that deters people from trying to
manipulate the Bitcoin system.
Bitcoin Security
They are as secure as possessing physical precious metal.
Just like holding a bag of gold coins, a person who takes reasonable
precautions will be safe from having their personal cache stolen by hackers.
As mentioned earlier, your bitcoin wallet can be stored
online (i.e. a cloud service) or offline (a hard drive or USB stick). The
offline method is more hacker-resistant and absolutely recommended for anyone
who owns more than 1 or 2 bitcoins but it is not without risk.
More than hacker intrusion, the real loss risk with bitcoins
revolves around not backing up your wallet with a failsafe copy. There is an
important .dat file that is updated every time you receive or send bitcoins, so
this .dat file should be copied and stored as a duplicate backup every day you
do bitcoin transactions.
Security note: The collapse of the Mt.Gox bitcoin exchange
service was not due to any weakness in the Bitcoin system. Rather, that
organization collapsed because of mismanagement and their unwillingness to
invest any money in security measures. Mt.Gox, for all intents and purposes,
had a large bank with no security guards, and it paid the price.
Abuse of Bitcoins
There are currently three known ways that bitcoin currency
can be abused.
1) Technical weakness – time delay in confirmation: bitcoins
can be double-spent in some rare instances during the confirmation interval.
Because bitcoins travel peer-to-peer, it takes several seconds for a
transaction to be confirmed across the P2P swarm of computers. During these few
seconds, a dishonest person who employs fast clicking can submit a second
payment of the same bitcoins to a different recipient.
While the system will eventually catch the double-spending
and negate the dishonest second transaction, if the second recipient transfers
goods to the dishonest buyer before they receive confirmation, then that second
recipient will lose both the payment and the goods.
2) Human dishonesty – pool organizers taking unfair share
slices: Because bitcoin mining is best achieved through pooling (joining a
group of thousands of other miners), the organizers of each pool get the
privilege of choosing how to divide up any bitcoins that are discovered.
Bitcoin mining pool organizers can dishonestly take more bitcoin mining shares
for themselves.
3) Human mismanagement – online exchanges: With Mt. Gox being the biggest example, the
people running unregulated online exchanges that trade cash for bitcoins can be
dishonest or incompetent. This is the same as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
investment banks going under because of human dishonesty and incompetence. The
only difference is that conventional banking losses are partially insured for
the bank users, while bitcoin exchanges have no insurance coverage for users.
Four Reasons Why Bitcoins Are Such a Big Deal
There is a lot of controversy around bitcoins. These are the
top reasons why:
1) Bitcoins are not created by any central bank, nor
regulated by any government. Accordingly, there are no banks logging your money
movement, and government tax agencies and police cannot track your money. This
is bound to change eventually, as unregulated money is a real threat to
government control, taxation, and policing.
Indeed, bitcoins have become a tool for contraband trade and
money laundering, precisely because of the lack of government oversight. The
value of bitcoins skyrocketed in the past because wealthy criminals were
purchasing bitcoins in large volumes. Because there is no regulation, however,
you can lose out immensely as a miner or investor.
2) Bitcoins completely bypass banks. Bitcoins are
transferred via a peer-to-peer network between individuals, with no middleman
bank to take a slice.
Bitcoin wallets cannot be seized or frozen or audited by
banks and law enforcement. Bitcoin wallets cannot have spending and withdrawal
limits imposed on them. For all intents: nobody but the owner of the bitcoin
wallet decides how their wealth will be managed.
This is really threatening to banks, as you might guess.
3)Bitcoins are changing how we store and spend our personal
wealth. Since the advent of printed (and eventually virtual) money, the world
has handed over the power of currency to a central mint and various banks.
These banks print our virtual money, store our virtual money, move our virtual
money, and charge us for their middleman services.
If banks need more currency, they simply print more or
conjure more digits in their electronic ledgers. This system is easily abused
and gamed by banks because paper money is essentially paper checks with a
promise to have value, with no actual physical gold behind the scenes to back
those promises.
Bitcoins are designed to put the control of personal wealth
back into the hands of the individual. Instead of paper or virtual bank
balances that promise to have value, Bitcoins are actual packages of complex
data that have value in themselves.
Original can be found here https://www.lifewire.com/what-are-bitcoins-2483146
